Optimizing PPP-AR with BDS-3 and GPS: Positioning Performance Across Diverse Geographical Regions Under Mostly Quiet Space Weather Conditions
ATMOSPHERE, cilt.16, sa.3, ss.1-24, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 16 Sayı: 3
- Basım Tarihi: 2025
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/atmos16030288
- Dergi Adı: ATMOSPHERE
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, CAB Abstracts, Compendex, Geobase, INSPEC, Veterinary Science Database, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-24
- Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
The integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has revolutionized geodetic positioning, with techniques like Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) offering highly accurate results with reduced convergence times. The full deployment of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System-3 (BDS-3) has spurred interest in assessing its standalone and combined performance with GPS in PPP-AR applications. This study evaluates the performance of BDS-3-based PPP-AR across diverse geographical regions considering space weather conditions (SWCs) for the first time. GNSS data from six International GNSS Service (IGS) stations located in the Asia–Pacific, Europe, Africa, and the Americas were processed for 15 consecutive days. The three scenarios (BDS-3 only, GPS only, and BDS-3 + GPS) were analyzed using the open-source raPPPid v2.3 software developed in 2023. The estimated coordinates were statistically compared to the IGS-derived coordinates to assess accuracy. Results demonstrate that BDS-3 PPP-AR can independently deliver reliable positioning for many applications and that the accuracy of BDS-3-based PPP-AR is relatively low in the Americas. However, combining BDS-3 with GPS significantly enhances horizontal and vertical accuracies, especially in the Americas, achieving improvements of up to 86% and 82%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of BDS-3 for complementing GPS for precise geodetic applications.